A step-by-step approach to thunderstorm avoidance with an EFB app

One of the major weather hazards pilots have to deal with this time of year is convective weather and resulting thunderstorms. No airplane is equipped to fly through a thunderstorm, and for obvious reasons planning to fly around them should be the primary goal.

The weather patterns across the entire U.S. become quite active as the days get longer and warmer, providing the necessary ingredients for storms to form. Compared to the winter, this often means more VFR flying days without concern for aircraft icing, but it also means pilots have to pay more attention to cold fronts and afternoon heating, both of which regularly contribute to the formation of strong storms.

This planning begins with the preflight weather briefing, which will have a different focus when performed for a flight in the summer vs. the winter. Fortunately, the FAA has fully endorsed the self-briefing process in a relatively new Advisory Circular, giving pilots the option to go about the briefing on their own online or in a mobile app like ForeFlight, or to still retrieve a standard weather briefing from flight service. 

You would be at a disadvantage if you chose to solely rely on Flight Service for your briefing since it would not expose you to the latest convective weather planning tools. This is where using an app like ForeFlight or Garmin Pilot can significantly improve your briefing, whether you perform it entirely on your own or use some of the extra weather resources to supplement a Flight Service briefing.

Long-range planning

One of the main appeals of general aviation flying is the flexibility it provides, and flexibility is the name of the game when dealing with convective weather. For this reason, getting a feel for the weather forecast several days out can help you to start thinking about the best time for departure and storm-free route. While the cooler mornings traditionally offer convection-free air, a strong cold front or low-pressure system can spark strong storms at any hour of the day.

To get started, let’s look at some of the advanced weather charts in the Imagery section of ForeFlight.

Prog Charts – regardless of the mission or potential weather hazards, always start with the prog chart in advance (and current surface analysis the day of the flight) to identify the drivers of the weather pattern, including locations of highs, lows and fronts. The red cross-hatching shown in this example indicates a chance of thunderstorms in that area.

12-Hour Probability of Precipitation (PoP) – this long-range, model-based forecast product is issued from 3 to 7 days out, and identifies the probability in percentages and color-shading of where precipitation is forecast over a 12-hour period. While it doesn’t specifically forecast thunderstorms, you can assume the rain is likely from the result of storms if it’s showing high probabilities in the south when the forecast temperatures are high, or if the precipitation is along a strong cold front.

6-Hour Quantity of Precipitation – this is also a model-based forecast, meaning it’s generated by computers based on current weather trends. This displays the quantity of precipitation expected to fall over a 6-hour period, out to 84 hours in the future. Like the PoP chart, it doesn’t specifically forecast thunderstorms, but you can infer their development if heavy rainfall is forecast along a front or in a region with a warm air mass.

Extended Convective Forecast Product (ECFP) – This product was designed to give ATC managers, flight planners, and other groups supporting FAA operations an indication of where weather-related traffic constraints are likely to be focused at a given time. It is available out to 78 hours in advance and provides each thunderstorm forecast over a 6-hour period. Hashed areas represent a 40-59% probability of thunderstorms, solid lined areas represent 60-79% probability of thunderstorms, and solid blue-filled areas represent a greater than 80% probability of thunderstorms.

Storm Prediction Center (SPC) Convective Outlook – This resource is primarily focused on identifying areas where thunderstorms will develop, and specifically their potential for severe conditions for the next 3 days. Light green identifies general thunderstorm activity, and then there are 5 levels with somewhat misleading descriptions (marginal, slight, enhanced, moderate, high) with intensifying color shading to identify the level of forecast severity.

TAF and Forecast Discussion – The traditional TAF forecast product is helpful for thunderstorm forecasts at the departure or destination airport, as well as for airports along your route, as identified by TS (thunderstorm) in one of the time periods. The text formatting of a TAF is limited though and doesn’t really tell the full story about the “why” behind the forecast. This is where the Forecast Discussion comes in handy and provides additional insight into what’s causing the weather, forecast confidence, and more details on the timing of storms in the forecast period. When viewing a TAF in ForeFlight, the Forecast Discussion button can be found directly beneath the raw TAF text.

Short-term planning

When making final preparations for a flight where convective activity is forecast, the place to start is still the Surface Analysis, to identify the latest large-scale weather features. After reviewing the updated TAFs and Forecast Discussion, we recommend using several short-range planning tools found in the Imagery section and on the interactive map:

Traffic Flow Management (TFM) Convective Forecast – At first glance, the TFM product looks very similar to the longer-range ECFP discussed earlier, but it is different in several ways. First, it is a short-range forecast intended for the upcoming 8 hours. Also, it is created by a meteorologist and is a high-confidence forecast for convection meeting specific criteria, which are different from those of the ECFP, as detailed in the image below. The TFM also shows the forecast heights of the storm systems.

Convective SIGMETs vs. Convective Outlooks – We all learned about the importance and meaning of Convective SIGMETs in primary training, which defines areas of active thunderstorms. They were initially developed as a text forecast, but the common way to view them now is graphically on a map. When on the Maps screen in ForeFlight, enable the AIR/SIGMETS/CWA layer, and ensure blue the TS (Thunderstorm) button is turned on at the bottom of the screen. Convective SIGMETs are identified by red outlines, and if you turn on the Radar layer, you’ll see they surround active thunderstorm lines or cells. Tap on one to determine the storm tops and speed/direction of movement.

With the TS layer enabled you will see that ForeFlight also outlines current Convective Outlooks in yellow (same name, but different than the SPC Convective Outlooks referenced above), which is another useful planning tool. This regional guidance identifies areas where convective activity is likely to develop over a specific time period and can help you with route planning.

Radar and Lightning – The radar layer provides the best view of what is actually happening and provides last-minute guidance on route selection and a heading to fly out of the terminal environment if there is convective activity in the area. When viewing radar imagery on any system, always glance at the dBZ scale to identify the color shading of intensity levels (turn this on in the main Settings menu if it’s not showing), and make sure the time stamp is up to date at the top left of the screen (tap it for more details). You’ll also want to animate the radar using the play button at the bottom of the screen to visually observe movement and intensity trends.

ForeFlight also includes a separate lighting layer that should also be enabled to help identify rapidly building storms that aren’t being painted with red or magenta levels yet. The lightning layer only shows cloud-to-ground strikes, which can also be used to identify lightning threats in embedded storm systems with weaker gradients that might look ok to fly through based on the dBZ intensity (green or yellow) but still contain active lightning strikes.

After departure and when an internet connection is no longer available, it’s time to take advantage of an ADS-B receiver like Sentry to stay up to date with thunderstorm developments en route. From a thunderstorm avoidance standpoint, this will provide radar updates every 2.5 minutes, as well as lightning information from that separate layer. Check out this informative webinar for more information on how to effectively use ADS-B datalink weather in flight.